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Preheat the oven to 425°F. Cut the tomato in half and toss it on a baking sheet with the garlic cloves, bread, and almonds. Roast until the bread and nuts are lightly toasted, 7 to 10 minutes.
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Transfer the tomato, garlic, bread, and nuts to a food processor and pulse to coarsely chop.
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Add the roasted red peppers, red wine vinegar, olive oil, salt, and smoked paprika and pulse until well combined and smooth with just a few chunks. (Romesco can be make up to a week in advance.)
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To make the cauliflower, preheat the oven to 425°F. Cut the cauliflower into large florets. Toss them on a baking sheet with the olive oil, salt, and pepper. Roast for 20 to 25 minutes, flipping the cauliflower pieces once, until tender and charred.
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Serve the cauliflower with the romesco on the side.